Message from Mr. B P Singh Governor of Sikkim


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Divisions among Brahmins

Brahmins being the intellectuals and charged with the responsibility of preserving the national heritage – the Vedas, were given certain privileges, particularly under the criminal law. They enjoyed immunity from death sentence. As a matter of fact the whole criminal law was heavily biased in favor of the first three classes in decreasing measures. But in crimes involving moral turpitude the law was biased against them in the reverse order . For example in case of theft the Brahmin was fined four times to that of a Shudra. If a Shudra was found to have committed theft of food articles, when he was hungry he was let off without punishment. We have noticed earlier how the Varna was gradually being transformed into caste. In the middle ages the process of disintegration and division in the society was accelerated on the basis of birth, vocation, sect and custom. New castes and sub-castes were formed. Each of them was engaged in the protection of one’s own group. The overall interest of
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Vaishya

Agrawals are most prominent among the Vaishya communities. They trace their origin to a mythological person, a king named Agrasen. Agrawals also have two subdivisions viz Bisa Agrawal and Dasa Agrawal. Although they are found in every part of India, they are concentrated in Haryana, Rajasthan, Agra and Mathura regions. They are engaged in trade, industry and Commerce. There are seventeen subdivisions of Agrawals viz; 1. Garg 2. Goyal (Goel) 3. Gobhil 4. Bansal 5. Kansal 6. Singhal 7. Mangal 8. Tingal 9. Eran 10. Govil 11. Bhaddal 12. Teran 13. Tittal 14. Mittal 15. Jindal 16. Tayal 17. Goin They are leaders in the field of industry and trade. They are mostly Vaishnavas, but some of them are Jains also. Both group intermarry freely. Maheshwari: Maheshwaris belong to caste analogous to the Agrawal. They are found in Rajasthan . There are numerous subdivisions of the Maheshwaris viz ; 1. Somani 2. Soni 3. Sodhani 4. Kakani 5. Malu 6. Jaju 7. Bihani 8. Bajaj 9. Kalhani 10. Kavara 11. Daga
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TWELVE KINDS OF SONS

For perpetuating the family-line and offering panda (a ball or lump of boiled rice) to the dead ancestors at obsequies ceremonies or Shraddha and - a son is necessary According to Hindu belief a man is born with three debts- rina trayaee i.e. Devarina, ‘debts to the deities’ , Rishirina ‘debts to the Rishis, the seers, sages and Pitririna, ‘debt to the ‘dead ancestors; The first of these can be discharged by performing Yajna, i.e. sacrifices, worship and prayers to gods and charities. The second is discharged by study and teaching and the third by procreating children to perpetuate the family line. Among the children a son was considered necessary. Manu, Yajnavalkya, Devala etc. who are main lawgivers have recognized as many as twelve kinds of sons. 1.Aurasa : Literally one produced by the breast i.e. fathered by husband in his duly married wife. 2.Putrikaputra : Putrika in the traditional Hindu Law books ha been used as a technical word for a girl who has no brother. In the absence
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